limited motion

1) Engineering: limited movement

2) Automation: constrained movement, limited motion

3) Makarov: constrained motion, restricted motion

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

BC / MG

ὑπό [pron. full] [ῠ], Prep. with gen., dat., and acc.: [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὐπά Alc.39; [dialect] Boeot. [full] ὑπά

A

Ἀρχ.Δελτ. 14

Pl. ii 19 (Thespiae, iii B.C.); [dialect] Ion. ηυπύ only in IG 14.871 (Cumae, v B.C.); Arc. [full] ὁπύ Schwyzer 664.15,21 (Orchom.Arc., iv B.C.); in [dialect] Ep. [full] ὑπαί (also B. 12.139): this is found in Hom. only six times as a well-attested reading (

ὑ. πόδα Il.2.824

,

ὑ. δέ 3.217

, 11.417, 12.149,

ὑ. δείους 10.376

, 15.4); elsewh. (before λ ν ρ ϝ ) it is weakly attested as v. l. for ὑπὸ ([etym.] ?ὑπόX ¯ ), e.g. ποσσὶ δ' ὑπὸ (v.l. ὑπαὶ)

λιπαροῖσι Il.2.44

, al.; but ὑπαὶ νεφέων is given by most codd. in Il.15.625, 16.375 (v. Allen ed. maj.), and

ὑπαὶ νεφέεσσι Anon.

ap. Plu.2.38e; also in compds.,

ὑπαιδείδοικα h.Merc. 165

, ὑπαιφοινίσσω (q. v.); it is not freq. in Trag. Poets, A.Ag. 892, 944, 1164 (lyr.), Eu. 417, S.El. 711, 1418 (lyr.), Inach. in PTeb. 692 ii5 (lyr.), E.El. 1188 (lyr.), Ar. Ach. 970 (paratrag.). (With ὑπό ([etym.] ὕπο) cf. Skt. úpa 'towards, near to, etc.', Goth. uf 'under'.)

A WITH GENITIVE,

I of Place, with Verbs of motion, from under, αὖτις ἀναστήσονται ὑ. ζόφου they will rise again from under the gloom, Il.21.56;

ὑ. χθονὸς ἧκε φόωσδε Hes.Th. 669

;

ῥέει κρήνη ὑ. σπείους Od.9.141

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 230b;

ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑ. βλεφάρων ἐξεφάανθεν Il.19.17

; ἐσιδόντες ὑπαὶ χειμῶνος αἴγλαν from under the storm-cloud, B.12.139; esp. of rescuing from under another's power, after the Verbs ἐρύεσθαι, ἁρπάζειν, ῥύεσθαι, ἐρύειν, Il.9.248, 13.198, 17.224, 235;

ἤγαγεν ὑμέτερόνδ' ἀνδροκτασίης ὕ. λυγρῆς

from the consequences of,

23.86

; also ἵππους μὲν λῦσαν ὑ. ζυγοῦ from under the yoke, 8.543, Od.4.39; ὑπ' ἀρνειοῦ λυόμην I loosed myself from under the ram, 9.463; σπλάγχνων ὕπο ματέρος μόλεν, i.e. was born, Pi.N.1.35, cf. O.6.43; rarely in Trag.,

ὑ. πτερῶν σπάσας E.Andr. 441

;

περᾷ γὰρ ἥδ' ὑ. σκηνῆς πόδα Id.Hec.53

; once in Hdt.,

τὰς δέ οἱ ἵππους ὑ. τοῦ ἅρματος νεμομένας ἀφανισθῆναι 4.8

;

αἴ τις ὑ. τῶν νομίων τῶν ἐπιϝοικων ἀνχωρέῃ SIG47.27

(Locris, v B.C.); cf. ὑπέκ.

2 of the object under which a thing is or is placed, under, beneath, with collat. sense of motion, as μοχλὸν ὑ. σποδοῦ ἤλασα πολλῆς thrust it in under the embers, Od. 9.375;

ὑ. στέρνοιο τυχήσας Il.4.106

;

τοὺς μὲν ὑ. χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης πέμψαν Hes.Th. 717

: also without the sense of motion,

ὑπ' ἀνθερεῶνος ὀχεὺς τέτατο Il.3.372

;

βάθιστον ὑ. χθονός ἐστι βέρεθρον 8.14

;

ἐτέθαπτο ὑ. χθονός Od.11.52

;

κεκευθὼς πολεμίας ὑ. χθονός A.Th. 588

;

ὑπ' ἀγκῶνος βέλη Pi.O.2.83

;

νέρθεν ὑπ' ἐγκεφάλοιο Il.16.347

;

τὰ ὑ. γῆς δικαιωτήρια Pl.Phdr. 249a

;

δεξιὰν ὑφ' εἵματος κρύπτειν E.Hec. 342

; φέρειν ζώνης ὕπο ib. 762: Thom.Mag.p.375 R. says that ὑ. = under takes gen. in [dialect] Att., acc. in 'Hellenic' Greek; κατακρύψας ὑ. κόπρου, which is v.l. in Od.9.329 for ὑ. κόπρῳ, is called by Eust.1631.36 Ἀττικώτερον, ὁποῖον καὶ τὸ φέρειν τι ὑ. κόλπου ἢ ὑ. μάλης (v. κόλπος, μάλη); but in [dialect] Att. Prose, Hdt., and the Koine ὑ. c. gen. in signfs. 1.1, 2 is almost limited to these and a few other phrases, esp. ὑ. γῆς; it is not found at all in Th., LXX, Ptolemaic papyri, and NT; X. has ὑ. ἁμάξης ( = from under) An.6.4.22,25; the Orators have only ὑ. μάλης, Lys.Fr.54, D.29.12; ὑ. γῆς is found in Pl.Ap. 18b, Mx. 246d, R. 414d, al., Arist.Mete. 352b6, al., Hipparch.2.2.45, Plb.18.18.10 ([etym.] ὑ. τῆς γῆς), 21.28.3,10.

b metaph., ἀρετῶσι δὲ λαοὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ under his rule, Od.19.114.

II of Cause or Agency, freq. with pass. Verbs, and with intr. Verbs in pass. sense,

μή πως τάχ' ὑπ' αὐτοῦ δουρὶ δαμήῃς Il.3.436

, cf. 4.479;

ἡνιόχοιο ἐν κονίῃσι πεσόντος ὑφ' Ἕκτορος 17.428

; εὖτ' ἂν πολλοὶ ὑφ' Ἕκτορος θνῂσκοντες πίπτωσι 1.242;

τὸν.. τοκέα ὑ. τοῦ.. παιδὸς ἀποθνῄσκειν Hdt.1.137

;

οἵαις ὑπ' αὐτοῦ πημοναῖσι κάμπτομαι A.Pr. 308

, cf. Th.7, al.;

πέλεκυς.. ὅς τ' εἶσιν διὰ δουρὸς ὑπ' ἀνέρος Il.3.61

;

ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν.. φοβέοντο.. ἀπὸ νηῶν 16.303

;

πάσχειν δὲ κακῶς ἐχθρὸν ὑπ' ἐχθρῶν A.Pr. 1042

(anap.);

ὑ. τοῦ Μήδου δεινότερα τούτων πάσχοντες Th.1.77

;

ἐκπεσόντες ὑ. τοῦ πλήθους Id.4.66

;

ἀναστάτων Καμαριναίων γενομένων ὑ. Συρακοσίων Id.6.5

;

ὑφ' ὑμῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ ὑ. τῶν πολεμίων τοῦτο παθεῖν Id.4.64

; κλύοντές ἐσμεν αἰσχίστους λόγους.. τοῦδ' ὑπ' ἀνδρὸς ἀρτίως we have been called shameful names by.., S.Aj. 1321; κακῶς ὑ. τῶν πολιτῶν ἀκούειν to be ill spoken of by.., Isoc.4.77, cf. Pl.Hp.Ma. 304e, X.An. 7.7.23; of a subordinate agent, ὑ. κήρυκος προαγορεύειν, ἀπειπεῖν κηρύκων ὕπο, Hdt.9.98, E.Alc. 737, cf. Th.6.32;

ἐμῶν ὑπ' ἀγγέλων.. πορεύεται S.Tr. 391

;

ὑ. ἀγγέλων πέμπων Pl.Phlb. 66a

: sts. with a verbal Subst., τὸ ὑ. νόμου ἐπίταγμα (i. e. ἐπιταττόμενον) Id.R. 359a;

ἐκφορὰ φίλων ὕπο A.Th. 1029

;

ἡ ὑπ' ἀρετῆς Ἡρακλέους παίδευσις X. Mem.2.1.34

;

ἡ ὑ. πάντων τιμή Id.Cyr.3.3.2

;

Ἥρας δεσμοὶ ὑ. ὑέος Pl. R. 378d

; so ἄτρωτον ἦν ὑ. στύγους ( = οὐ τετρωμένον) prob. in A.Ch. 532.

2 also in pregnant phrases, not only of the immediate act of the agent, but also of its further result, ὅθ' ὑ. λιγέων ἀνέμων σπέρχωσιν ἄελλαι hasten driven on by them, Il.13.334; ὑφ' Ἕκτορος.. φεύγοντες fleeing before him, 18.149,

χάσσονται ὑπ' ἔγχεος 13.153

, cf. 7.64, 11.119, 424, Od.5.320, 7.263, al.;

πράγματα εἶχον ὑ. λῃστῶν X.HG5.1.5

; ἔπαινον, αἰτίαν ἔχειν ὑ. τινῶν, Hdt.9.78, A.Eu.99;

οὐκέτι ἀποχωρεῖν οἷόν τ' ἦν ὑ. τῶν ἱππέων Th.7.78

, cf. Ar.V. 1084.

3 freq. of things as well as persons,

ὡς διάκειμαι ὑ. τῆς νόσου Th.7.77

;

κεῖμαι νούσου ὕ. στυγερᾶς IG42(1).125.8

(Epid., iii B.C.);

χαλεπῶς ἔχειν ὑ. τραυμάτων Pl.Tht. 142b

;

ὑ. δόρατος πλαγείς IG42(1).122.64

(Epid., iv B.C.); ὑ. ἔχιος φῦμα ib.123.4 (ibid., iv B.C.); ἰάθη ὑ. ὄφιος ib.121.113 (ibid., iv B.C.);

κατεσκεύασαν τὰς πύλας κλείεσθαι ὑ. σφύρας τε μεγάλης καὶ κτύπου παμμεγέθους γιγνομένου Aen.Tact.20.4

: of the agency of feelings, passions, etc.,

ἀνόρουσ' ὑ. χάρματος h.Cer. 371

; ἐνδακρύειν, ἀνολολύξαι χαρᾶς ὕπο, A.Ag. 541, 587;

μαίνεται.. ὑφ' ἡδονῆς S.El. 1153

;

χλωρὸς ὑπαὶ δείους Il.10.376

;

ὑ. δέους ἔρρηξε φωνήν Hdt.1.85

, cf. Th.6.33;

οὐ δυνατὸν τὸν δῆμον ἐσόμενον ὑ. τῶν κακῶν καρτερεῖν Id.4.66

;

ὑ. κακοῦ ἀγρυπνίῃσι εἴχετο Hdt.3.129

;

ὑπ' ἄλγους A.Eu. 183

;

ὑπ' ὀργῆς Ar.V. 1083

;

ὑ. λύπης S.OT 1073

: hence ὑπό is used even with active Verbs, where a passive word may be supplied, e.g. ὑ. ἀρετῆς καὶ προθυμίης συνεπλήρουν τὰς νέας from courage, i. e. impelled by courage, Hdt.8.1;

ὤρυσσον ὑ. μαστίγων Id.7.22

, cf. 56; οὐδὲ σέ γε δόλος ἔσχ' ὑ. χειρὸς ἐμᾶς by my agency, S.Ph. 1118 (lyr.); αἰ μήτις αὐτὸς δοίη, μὴ ὑπ' ἀνάγκας not under compulsion, GDI5128.5 ([place name] Vaxos).

4 ὑπό freq. serves to denote the attendant or accompanying circumstances,

νέφος ἐρχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑ. Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς Il.4.276

, cf. 16.591, etc.: sts. with part. added, ἀμφὶ δὲ νῆες σμερδαλέον κονάβησαν ἀϋσάντων ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν at their shouting, i.e. when they shouted, 2.334, 16.277;

ἴαχε σάλπιγξ ἄστυ περιπλομένων δηΐων ὕ. 18.220

.

5 of accompanying music, to give the time,

κώμαζον ὑπ' αὐλοῦ Hes.Sc. 281

, cf. 278;

ᾄδων ὑπ' αὐλητῆρος Archil.123

, cf. Thgn.825, Charon Fr.9;

πίνειν ὑ. σάλπιγγος Ar.Ach. 1001

: generally, of anything attendant, δαΐδων ὕ. λαμπομενάων ἠγίνεον by torchlight, Il.18.492, cf. E.Hel. 639 (lyr.), Ion 1474 (lyr.);

καταθάψομεν.. ὑ. κλαυθμῶν A.Ag. 1554

(anap.);

ὑπ' εὐκλείας θανεῖν E.Hipp. 1299

;

εἴσειμ' ὑπαὶ πτερύγων κιχλᾶν καὶ κοψίχων Ar.Ach. 970

; ὑπ' εὐφήμου βοῆς θῦσαι offer a sacrifice accompanied by it, S.El. 630; ὑ. φανοῦ πορεύεσθαι by lantern-light, X.Lac.5.7; ὑ. πομπῆς ἐξάγειν τινά in or with solemn procession, Hdt.2.45, cf. Ar.Th. 1030; ὑ. βίης βήξας coughing with violence, violently, Hdt.6.107; ἐτόξευον ὑ. μαστίγων, i.e. they shot and lashed, X.An.3.4.25: v. infr. B. 11.4, C. IV. 1.

6 ὑ. Ἑλλανοδικᾶν, = ἐπί c. gen., SIG171 (Olympia, iv B.C.).

7 Math., ἡ ὑ. ΘΔΗ the angle ΘΔΗ ( = ἡ ὑ. τῶν ΘΔ, ΔΗ περιεχομένη γωνία), Procl. Hyp.2.26; but also τὸ ὑ. τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ the rectangle contained by ΑΓ, ΓΒ, = ΑΓ χ ΓΒ, Euc.2.4.

8 ναῦλον ὄνων γ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑ. οἴνου laden with wine, Pap. in Hermes 28.163 (ii A.D.), cf. ib.479, and infr. C. IV. 2.

B WITH DATIVE (esp. in Poets, never in LXX (Jb.12.5 is dub. l.) or NT, not common in Arist., Ptolemaic papyri, or Plb.), of Position under,

ὑ. ποσσί Il.2.784

, al.; ὑ. πλατανίστῳ ib. 307, cf. 18.558; ὑ. Τμώλῳ at its foot, 2.866, cf. Od.1.186;

Βερύσιοι ὑ. τῇ Ἴδῃ IG12.191.11

, cf. 373.118, al.;

ὑ. τῇ ἀκροπόλι Hdt.6.105

; τῶν θανόντων ὑπ' Ἰλίῳ under its walls, E.Hec. 764, cf. A.Ag. 860;

πέτρῃ ὕ. γλαφυρῇ εὗδον, Βορέω ὑπ' ἰωγῇ Od.14.533

;

ὑ. τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἔχειν τὰς πηγάς Arist.Mete. 350b27

;

ὑ. πέτρᾳ παῖς IG42(1).122.19

(Epid., iv B.C.); ὑ. τῷ ναῷ ἀστραγαλίζοντος αὐτοῦ ib.121.25 (ibid., iv B.C.); ηυπὺ τῇ κλίνῃ τούτῃ ληνὸς (or Λῆνος) ηύπυ ib.14.871 (Cumae, v B.C.);

στρουθοὶ ὑ. τῇ τραπέζῃ Michel 832.33

(Samos, iv B.C.);

ὑ. τῇ μασχάλῃ Hp.Art.11

;

χέλυν δ' ὑ. μασχάλῃ εἶχεν h.Merc. 242

;

ὑ. ταῖς μασχάλαις Arist.PA 688b5

,14; ὁ ὑ. τῇ γῇ ἀήρ under the earth, Id.Cael. 295a28; ἐὰν ὑ. σοὶ κατακλινῇ lies next below you, Pl.Smp. 222e; ὑφ' ἅρμασι under, i.e. yoked to, the chariot, Il.8.402, 18.244;

εἶχε μάχαιραν ὑφ' αὑτῷ παρεσκευασμένος Plb.8.20.6

codd., cf. POxy. 1800 Fr.2.36 (Vit.Aesop.);

ὑ. τοῖς χιτωνίσκοις περιζώματα φοροῦσιν Plb.12.26a

.4, cf. 13.7.9; τά τε θηρία καὶ τὰς ὑπ' αὐτοῖς σχεδίας under them, on which they stood, Id.3.46.8;

τῆς γῆς τῆς ὑ. τῷ κόσμῳ κειμένης Timae.

ap. eund.12.25.7;

οἱ ὑ. τῇ ἄρκτῳ, τῇ μεσημβρία, οἰκοῦντες Adam.2.31

, cf. Arist.Pr. 940a37, Phgn. 806b16;

ὑ. τῷ μετώπῳ ὀφρύες Id.HA 491b14

;

ὑ. τῷ γενείῳ Plb.34.10.9

;

τὰ ὑ. τοῖς ὕδασι καὶ ὑμέσι καὶ ὑέλοις Hero

*Deff.135.12;

ὑ. τῷ δέρματι Gal. 18(2).102

.

2 with Verbs of motion, where rest or position follows, εἷσαν ὑ. φηγῷ set [him] down under it, Il.5.693;

ἔζευξαν ὑφ' ἅρμασιν.. ἵππους Od.3.478

, cf. Il.24.782;

ὑ. δ' ἄξοσι.. ἔπιπτον 16.378

, cf. X.Cyr.7.1.37;

δέμνι' ὑπ' αἰθούσῃ θέμεναι Il.24.644

.

3 in such phrases as ὑ. χερσί τινος ἁλῶναι, δαμῆναι, 2.374, 860, al.;

ἐμῇς ὑ. χερσὶ δάμασσον 3.352

;

ὑ. δουρὶ δαμῆναι 5.653

, etc.;

ἔκπεσον ἵππων Ἀτρεΐδεω ὑ. χερσί 11.180

;

ὤλετο.. ὑ. γαμφηλῇσι λέοντος 16.489

;

πέπληγμαι δ' ὑπαὶ δάκει φοινίῳ A.Ag. 1164

(lyr.);

ἐν κονίῃσι πέσοιεν ὑπ' ἀνδράσι Il.6.453

;

ὑ. τινὶ κτείνεσθαι 16.490

.

4 behind,

ὑ. φάλαγγι Ascl.Tact.6.1

; under the cover or protection of,

ὑ. τούτῳ τῷ φράγματι τοὺς ὑπορύσσοντας εἶναι Aen.Tact.37.9

;

ὑ. ταῖς αὑτῶν ἀσφαλείαις Plb. 1.57.8

, 4.12.10, 16.6.1.

II of the person under whose hand, power, or influence, or the thing by or through which a thing is done, ὑπ' Ἀργείοισι φέβοντο fled before them, Il.11.121; freq. in Hom. with intr. or pass. Verbs,

ἐφόβηθεν ὑφ' Ἕκτορι Il.15.637

;

ὁρμηθέντες ὑ. πληγῇσιν ἱμάσθλης Od.13.82

;

βῆ.. θεῶν ὑ. πομπῇ Il.6.171

;

ὦρτο δὲ κῦμα πνοιῇ ὕπο 23.215

;

ὑ. λαίλαπι βέβριθε χθών 16.384

; τεκεῖν, τεκέσθαι ὑ. τινί, 2.714, 728, 742;

ἀτῆθαι ὑ. τῷ μεμφομένῳ GDI4994.8

([place name] Crete);

ὁ χρησμὸς ὁ γεγονὼς ὑ. τοῖ Ἀπόλλωνι Inscr.Magn.38.5

, cf. 12,31,52.

2 expressing subjection or dependence, ὑ. τινί under one's power,

δέδμητο δὲ λαὸς ὑπ' αὐτῷ Od.3.305

, cf. Il.9.156;

ὑπ' ἀνδράσιν οἶκον ἔχουσιν Od. 7.68

; εἶναι ὑ. τισί to be subordinate, subject to them, Th.1.32; ὑ. Χείρωνι τεθραμμένος under the eye of.., Pl.R. 391c; ἔχειν ὑφ' ἑαυτῷ have under one, at one's command, X.Cyr.2.1.26;

τὰ θηρία τὰ ὑ. τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Pl.R. 563c

;

ὑ. τινὶ στρατεύσασθαι Plu.Cic.44

: in pregnant sense,

ἵνα.. πάντα ὑ. Πέρσῃσι γένηται Hdt.7.11

, cf. Th.7.64;

ὑπ' ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι Hdt.7.157

;

κινδυνεύσαιμ' ἂν ὑ. τῇ δυσχερεστάτῃ γενέσθαι τύχῃ Lys.24.6

;

ὑ. τῷ Μακεδόνι ταττομένων Plb.18.11.4

;

τοὺς τραφέντας ὑ. τούτοις Id.6.7.2

.

3 of the subordination of things coming under a class,

αἱ ὑ. ταῖς τέχναις ἐργασίαι Pl.Smp. 205c

;

τὸ ὑ. ταῖς γεωμετρίαις Id.R. 511b

;

ὄργανα.. τὰ ὑ. τῇ μουσικῇ Id.Hp.Ma. 295d

.

4 as in A. 11.5, ὑπ' αὐλητῆρι πρόσθ' ἔκιον advanced to the music of the flute-player, Hes.Sc. 283; ὑπ' αὐλῷ, ὑ. κήρυκι καὶ θεολόγῳ, Luc.DDeor.2.2, Alex.19;

ὑ. μάστιξι διορύττειν τὸν Ἄθω Plu.2.470e

: generally, of attendant circumstances,

ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι.. πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο Od.4.402

; ὑ. ῥάβδοις καὶ πελέκεσι κατιών escorted by the lictors, Plu.Publ.10; ὑ. σκότῳ, νυκτί, A.Ag. 1030 (lyr.), A.R. 1.1022, etc.;

λάμπει δ' ὑ. μαρμαρυγαῖς ὁ χρυσός B.3.17

;

αἰθομένα δᾲς ὑ. ξανθαἵσι πεύκαις Pi.Fr.79

;

ὑ. φωτὶ πολλῷ προσῄει Plu.Galb.14

;

ὑ. λαμπάσιν ἡμμέναις Hld.10.41

; ὑ. πολλῷ στρατῷ escorted by a great host, Nic.Dam.10J.;

ὑ. δικαιοσύνῃ διαγαγεῖν τὸν βίον Pl.Ep. 335d

.— ὑπό has no sense c. dat. which it has not also c. gen.; but all its senses c. gen. do not belong to the dat.:—later ὑπό c. dat. is found as a mere periphr. of the dat.,

στέφος.. αὐτὸς ὑφ' ἡμετέραις πλεξάμενος παλάμαις AP5.73

(Rufin.), cf. 85 (Claudian.);

λέων ὑπ' ἄκοντι τετυμμένος A.R.2.26

, cf. Man.2.131.

C WITH ACCUSATIVE, of Place; to express motion towards and under an object, ὑ. σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα drove them under, i.e. into, the cave, Il.4.279;

ὑ. ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν Od.3.383

; σεῦ ὕστερος εἶμ' ὑ. γαῖαν, i.e. shall die, Il.18.333;

νέεσθαι ὑ. ζόφον 23.51

, cf. Od.3.335; κατακρύπτειν τινὰ ὑ. τὴν αὐτὴν θύρην under shelter of it, i.e. behind it, Hdt.1.12;

πάϊς ὣς ὑ. μητέρα δύσκεν εἰς Αἴαντα Il.8.271

;

ὅκως ἔωσι ὑ. τὸν πεζὸν στρατὸν τὸν σφέτερον Hdt.9.96

;

ὑ. τὸν πρῶτον λόχον τῶν ὁπλιτῶν τὸν πρῶτον λόχον τῶν ψιλῶν τετάχθαι Ael.Tact.15.2

; of coming close up under a lofty citadel, ἤλθεθ' ὑ. Τροίην up to T., Od.4.146;

ὅτ' ἔμελλεν ὑ. πτόλιν αἰπύ τε τεῖχος ἵξεσθαι Il.11.181

;

παυρότερον λαὸν ἀγαγόνθ' ὑ. τεῖχος ἄρειον 4.407

;

ὑ. τὰ τείχη φεύγειν Plb.1.74.11

;

ὑ. τὰς ἴλας φεύγειν Id.3.65.7

, cf. 3.105.6, 11.21.5, al.;

ὑ. ταὐτὸ στέγος εἰσελθεῖν GDI3536

B 3 ([place name] Cnidus);

πᾶν ὃ ἐὰν ἔλθῃ.. ὑ. τὴν ῥάβδον LXXLe.27.32

, cf. De.4.11, al.; so ὑ. δικαστήριον ὑπαχθείς, ἀγαγόντες, Hdt.6.72, 104 (cf. ὑπάγειν ὑ. τοὺς ἐφόρους ib.82) prob. refers to the elevated seats of the judges in court, cf. ὑπάγω A ΙΙ.

2 of Position or Extension under an object, without sense of motion,

Ἀρκαδίην ὑ. Κυλλήνης ὄρος Il.2.603

, cf. 824, etc.;

ἰκριώσασι ὑ. τὴν ὀροφήν IG12.374.76

; ἐργασαμένοις τὸ ἄνθεμον ὑ. τὴν ἀσπίδα ib.371.9;

τὰ μὲν ὑ. τὸν λόφον καὶ τὰμ φάραγγα Inscr.Prien.37.162

(ii B.C.);

ἀνθέντω ὑ. τὸν ναὸν τᾶς Δάματρος IG5(1).1498.13

(loc. inc., ii B.C.); ὅσσοι ἔασιν ὑπ' ἠῶ τ' ἠέλιόν τε everywhere under the sun, Il.5.267;

ὑπ' αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο φοιτῶσι Od.2.181

;

τῶν ὑ. τοῦτον τὸν ἥλιον.. ἀνθρώπων D.18.270

;

τὰ ὑ. τὴν ἄρκτον Hdt. 5.10

, cf. Arist.Mete. 362a17;

οἴκησις ἡ λεγομένη ὑ. τὸν πόλον Gem.5.38

, cf. 16.21, al.;

ὑ. τὸν οὐρανόν LXXEx.17.14

, al., UPZ106.14 (i B.C.);

τὸ ὑ. τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Th.2.17

;

ὁ ὑ. γῆν λεγόμενος εἶναι θεός Hdt.7.114

, cf. Il.19.259; ὑ. γῆν is more freq. than ὑ. γῆς in Arist., Mete. 349b29, al., in Hipparch., 1.3.10, al., and entirely supersedes ὑ. γῆς in Hdt., 2.124, 125, 127, 148, 150, 3.102, 4.195, 7.114, and Gem., 2.19, al.; it is found also in Plb.21.28.11, etc.; ὑ. γῆν the nadir, opp. μεσουράνημα, PLond.1.98r.49, 110.33 (i/ii A.D.); also

ἄγχε δέ μιν.. ἱμὰς ἁπαλὴν ὑ. δειρήν Il.3.371

;

Τρῶες.. πτῶσσον ὑ. κρημνούς 21.26

;

ἀγέροντο.. ἄλσος ὕ. σκιερόν Od.20.278

;

τρωφεὶς ὑ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν IG42(1).122.120

(Epid., iv B.C.);

οὐλὴ ὑπ' ὀφθαλμὸν δεξιόν PCair.Zen76.13

(iii B.C.);

ὑ. τὸ μέρος τοῦ ἐνοφειλομένου ὑπογραψάτω ὅσον ἰδίᾳ ἔχει PRev.Laws 19.2

(iii B.C.);

κείμενος ὑ. τὸν ὀμφαλόν Sor.1.7

, cf. 67, al.;

ὑ. τὰς πύλας ἵππων πόδες φαίνονται Th.5.10

;

μὴ ὑποτιθέναι κύλικα ὑ. τὴν κλίνην IG12(5).593

A21 (Ceos, v B. C.); ὑ. τὸν ὀδόν ib.42(1).102.249 (Epid., iv B.C.);

καταψύξατε ὑ. τὸ δένδρον LXX Ge.18.4

; ὑ. τὸν λέβητα ib.Ec.7.7(6); ὑ. τοὺς πόδας ib.La.3.34;

εἰς τοὺς ὑ. πόδα χωρεῖ τόπους Dsc.5.75

(v.

πούς 1.6

g); ἡ ὑ. πόδα (sc. γραμμή ) the base of a triangle, Hero *Mens.55; also ὑπ' αὐγὰς.. λεύσσουσαι πέπλους holding them up to the light, E.Hec. 1154; also ὑ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν close to the eye, Arist. Pr. 874a9;

ὑποκειμένης τῆς Εὐβοίας ὑ. τὴν Ἀττικήν Isoc.4.108

;

ὑπ' αὐτὴν ἐσχάτην στήλην ἔχων ἔχριμπτ' ἀεὶ σύριγγα S.El. 720

;

εἰ θεωρήσειεν ὑπ' αὐγὰς τὸν ἀνθρώπειον βίον Iamb.Protr.8

(cf.

αὐγή 1

): of subordinate position.

κατακλίνεσθαι ὑ. τινά Luc.Symp.9

; τίς ὑ. τίνα; who is next to whom, Onos.10.2.

b Math., ὁ κύβος ὁ ὑ. τὴν.. σφαῖραν inscribed in the sphere, Papp.440.5;

εἶναι ὑ. τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος Euc.11.29

, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.19; ὑ. τὰν αὐτὰν γωνίαν subtending.., Id.Aren. 1.20 (cj.), cf. 21;

αἱ γωνίαι ὑφ' ἃς αἱ ὁμόλογοι πλευραὶ ὑποτείνουσι Euc.6.6

,al.

3 of the logical subordination of things under a class,

τῶν ἑτερογενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ' ἄλληλα τεταγμένων Arist.Cat. 1b16

, etc.; οἱ ὑ. τὸ ψεῦδος τεταγμένοι in the category of.., Luc.Ind.20.

II of subjection, control, dependence, never in Hom., once in Hdt.,

ὑ. βασιλέα δασμοφόρος 7.108

;

ὑ. σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι Th.4.60

, cf. Pl.R. 348d, Arist. HA 488a10, etc.;

ἕως κα ᾖ ὑ. τὸν πατέρα Test.Epict.3.29

;

ὑ. τιν' ἦν τῶν βασιλέων Men.340

;

τί δ' οὐ κρατέοντος ὑπ' ἰσχύν; Call.Jov.75

, cf. 74;

ὑ. Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον Sammelb. 5616

(i A.D.), POxy.722.6 (i/ii A.D.), etc. (v.

ἥλιος 11.1

);

ὑ. θεὸν καὶ ἄνθρωπον Michel854.52

(Halic., iii B.C.);

τοῦ τοπαρχοῦντος ὑ. σέ PCair.Zen.322.3

(iii B.C.);

στρατενσάμενον ὑ. ἄρχοντα Ἀντίοχον IG12(1).43.7

([place name] Rhodes);

μηδὲ ὑ. δεσπότην ὤν LXXPr. 6.7

, cf. Ps.143.2; for ὑ. χεῖρα, v. χείρ; οἱ ὑ. τινά X.Cyr.3.3.6,8.8.5, etc.;

τοῖς ὑφ' αὑτὸν τεταγμένοις GDI3750.75

([place name] Rhodes).

III of Time, in the course of, during, or to be left untranslated in English,

ἐκέλευε Τοωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι νύχθ' ὕ. τήνδ' ὀλοήν Il.22.102

;

ὑ. τὴν νύκτα ταύτην Hdt.9.51

, cf. 58; ὑ. τὴν πρώτην ἐπελθοῦσαν νύκτα ἀπέδρη Id 6.2;

τῆς κολοκύνθης.. ἣ ἐγενήθη ὑ. νύκτα καὶ ὑ. νύκτα ἀπώλετο LXXJn.4.10

: rarely with stress on the duration, πάνθ' ὑ. μηνιθμόν throughout its continuance, Il.16.202;

ὑ. τὸν παρεόντα τόνδε πόλεμον Hdt.9.60

; οὐδὲν τῶν κατ' Αἴγυπτον ὑ. ταῦτα ἑτεροιωθῆναι during that time, Id.2.142;

ὑ. τὸν χρόνον ὃν οἱ ἑξήκοντα καὶ τριηκόσιοι ἦρχον οἵδε ἐθεόρεον IG12(8).276.4

([place name] Thasos).

2 also of Time, about, sts. more precisely at, and of events, about or at the time of, ὑπ' αὐτὸν τὸν χρόνον ὅτε .. Ar.Ach. 139, cf. Hdt.7.165;

ὑπ' αὐτὸν τὸν καιρόν Plb. 11.27.4

, 16.15.8; ὑφ' ἕνα καιρόν at one time, Diog.Oen.38;

ὑ. τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον Th.2.26

;

ὑ. τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους Id.1.100

;

ὑ. τὸν σεισμόν Id.2.27

, cf. Plb.4.33.5, Plu.Alex.14; ὑ. τὴν ἑωθινήν, ὑ. τὴν ὄρφνην, Plb. 18.19.5,7;

ὑ. τὸν ὄρθρον Act.Ap.5.21

, Gp.2.4.3; ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς περιπάτους ὑ. τὸ ψῦχος in the cool of the morning, Plb.5.56.10; ὑφ' ἓν πάντες all at once, at the same time, Arr.Epict.3.22.33, cf. S.E.M. 10.124, Sor.1.103, al.; παιδάριον ὑ. τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἑπτὰ καὶ πέντε στίχους συνεῖρον in one breath, Plb.10.47.9; ὑφ' ἓν ἐκτρῖψαι at one blow, LXX Wi.12.9; ὑ. μίαν ἄρσιν καὶ θέσιν ἀνατείνοντες καὶ κατατιθέμενοι, of a squad of diggers, Gp.2.45.5; ὑ. μίαν φωνήν Aristeas 178; πῶς γὰρ ἂν ὑ. τὰς αὐτὰς ἡμέρας ἔν τε τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ.. πολεμήσειε; at the same time, D.C.36.35; sts. c. part., ὑ. τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα at the time of its burning, Hdt.1.51; ὑ. τὴν κατάλυσιν τοῦ πολέμου just at the end, X.Mem.2.8.1, cf. Plu.Mar.46; ὑ. τὸν θυμὸν ἐκ χειρὸς ἐπιστρατευσαμένων at the very time of their anger, Plb. 2.19.10;

ὑ. παροξυσμόν Gal.19.215

; παραδόντω τοῖς αἱρεθεῖσι εἰς τὸν ὑπ' αὐτὰ (or ὕπαυτα as Adv. = ἑξῆς)

ἐνιαυτόν IG9(1).694.60

(Corc., ii/i B.C.);

ὑ. κύνα Arist.HA 547a14

, Thphr.CP1.13.3, D.S.19.109;

ὑ. τὰς θερινὰς [τροπὰς] καὶ τοῦ κυνὸς τὴν ἐπιτολήν Gp.2.6.17

.

IV of accompaniment,

ὑπὸ ὄρχησίν τε καὶ ᾠδήν Pl.Lg. 670a

;

ὑ. αὐλὸν διαλέγεσθαι X.Smp.6.3

codd. (ὑ. τοῦ αὐλοῦ Cobet); ὑ. κήρυκα (v.

κῆρυξ 1.3

).—Compare A.11.5, B.11.4.

2 ὄνον ἕνα ὑ. λαχανόσπερμον laden with.., Meyer Ostr.81.2 (i A. D.), cf. PFay.p.324 (i A.D.);

ὄνοι ὑ. δένδρα BGU 362i6

, al. (iii A.D.); cf. supr. A.11.8.

D POSITION: ὑ. can follow its Subst., becoming by anastrophe ὕπο. It is freq. separated from the Subst. by intervening words, as in Il.2.465, Od.5.320, 7.130:— ὑπαί is placed after its case in A. Eu. 417, S.El. 1418, Inach. l.c., although acc. to Hdn.Gr.1.480 it cannot suffer anastrophe.

E AS ADV., under, below, beneath, freq. in Hom.; esp. of young animals, under the mother, i.e. at the breast, Od.4.636, 21.23.

2 behind, Hdt.7.61: cf. C. 1.

II ὑπ' ἐκ or ὑπέκ, v. ὑπέκ.—In Hom. the separation of the Prep. from its Verb by tmesis is very freq., and sts. it follows, in which case it suffers anastrophe,

φυγὼν ὕπο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ Od.9.17

.

F IN COMPOSITION:

I under, as well of rest as of motion, as in ὕπειμι, ὑποβαίνω, etc.

2 of the casing or covering of one thing with another, as ὑπάργυρος, ὑπόχρυσος.

3 of the agency or influence under which a thing is done, to express subjection or subordination, ὑποδαμνάω, ὑποδμώς, ὑφηνίοχος, cf. ἐπί G. 111.

II denoting what is in small degree or gradual, somewhat, a little, as in ὑποκινέω, ὑποδεής, ὑπόλευκος (so in tmesi,

ὑ. τι ἀσεβῆ Pl.Phdr. 242d

, cf. Grg. 493c;

ὑ. τι μικρὸν ἐπιθήκισα Ar.V. 1290

(lyr.)).

III underhand, secretly, as in ὑποθέω, ὑποθωπεύω, ὑποκορίζομαι, ὑπόρνυμι.

= relegation, scrapping, withdrawal, expurgation, weeding, discarding, deaccession, deacquisition [de-acquisition], jettisoning, deselection, purge.

Ex. The number of withdrawn books from academic libraries has fallen to about one third of the quantity in the 'pre Atkinson' period, whereas public library relegations have increased.

Ex. The last 3 years while grants were available saw a rise in loans, readers and outreach services, a controversial stock revision and scrapping were carried out and a PC was taken in use.

Ex. Also it is difficult to correct any errors in punching, and to make any modifications to the index, corresponding, for instance, to withdrawals.

Ex. We might connect stream, current, flux, flow and evolution as being manifestations of motion; expurgation, disinfection, refining, bowdlerization and whitewashing as being manifestations of cleaning.

Ex. Weeding is the process of removing materials which are no longer useful from a library collection.

Ex. The discarding of literature can only offer limited help in relieving the space shortage for seating.

Ex. These rules are concerned with access, deaccession, appraisals, preservation, and theft of books.

Ex. Most deacquisitions research is carried out in college and university libraries, since serious space problems exist in such libraries.

Ex. Part 1 deals with library processes, including selection, checking and claiming, cataloguing and jettisoning.

Ex. No, it is not the deselection of contentious literature about, say, politics or sex, that is at issue.

Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.

----

* expurgo de documentos = records disposition.

* expurgo de fondos bibliográficos = collection weeding, stock weeding.

* expurgo de publicaciones periódicas = periodical collection weeding.

* expurgo por censura = bowdlerization.

* expurgos = withdrawn material, withdrawn books.

* fecha de expurgo = purge date.

* plan de expurgo = weeding policy, weeding project.

* política de expurgo = weeding policy.

* * *

* * *

expurgation

manufacturing, manufacture, production, fabrication.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 manufacture, production, making

\

de fabricación casera home-made

de fabricación propia our own make

defecto de fabricación manufacturing fault

fabricación en cadena mass production

productos de fabricación defectuosa seconds

* * *

1) making

2) manufacture

* * *

SF manufacture

* * *

femenino manufacture

- fabricación en serie

* * *

= make, manufacture, manufacturing, fabrication, making.

Ex. Typically a patent abstract is informative, and includes in the case of an article, its method of making or manufacture.

Ex. Typically a patent abstract is informative, and includes in the case of an article, its method of making or manufacture.

Ex. An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to supervision of the manufacturing.

Ex. Products from the same raw material are grouped then subdivided according to stage of fabrication.

Ex. A producer is the person with final responsibility for the making of a motion picture, including business aspects, management of the production, and the commercial success of the film.

----

* cadena de fabricación = production line.

* coste de fabricación = manufacturing cost.

* de fabricación casera = homemade.

* excedencias de fabricación = factory surplus.

* fabricación de acero = steelmaking [steel making].

* fabricación de bombas = bomb manufacture.

* fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].

* fabricación de monedas = coinage, minting.

* fabricación de papel = paper-making [papermaking], paper manufacturing.

* fabricación de tapas = casemaking [case-making].

* fabricación de velas = chandlery.

* fabricación en serie = mass production.

* máquina de fabricación = manufacturing equipment.

* técnica de fabricación = construction technique.

* * *

femenino manufacture

- fabricación en serie

* * *

* * *

manufacture

televisores de fabricación japonesa Japanese-made televisions, televisions made o manufactured in Japan

[ S ] fabricación propia all our products are made on the premises

mass production

* * *

◊ la fabricación de coches car manufacture;

* * *

fabricación nf

manufacture;

un automóvil de fabricación nacional a domestically produced car;

una bomba de fabricación casera a home-made bomb

fabricación limpia [ecológica] environmentally friendly manufacturing;

fabricación en serie mass production

* * *

f manufacturing

* * *

fabricación nf, pl - ciones : manufacture

1 spicy, hot (food).

2 saucy (chiste, comedia).

1 spicy food (food).

2 spiciness, piquancy, raciness.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (comida) hot

2 figurado (chiste, película) spicy

► nombre masculino

1 (comida) hot food

2 (sabor) hot flavour

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=que pica) [comida, sabor] hot, spicy; [vino] tart, sour

2) (=malicioso) [comentario] sharp, cutting; [chiste] dirty; [comedia, película] naughty, spicy; [persona] naughty

2. SM

1) (Culin)

a) (=especia) chilli

b) And, Cono Sur (=guisado) meat stew with chilli sauce

2) (=picardía) [en persona] zip, zest; [en chiste, situación] piquancy

3) pl picantes Esp ** (=calcetines) socks

* * *

a) (Coc) < comida> hot

b) <chiste/libro> risqué; < comedia> racy

a) (Coc) hot spices (pl)

b) (Chi, Per) ( guiso) spicy meat stew

* * *

= piquant, salty [saltier -comp., saltiest -sup.], racy [racier -comp., raciest -sup.], fiery [fierier -comp., fieriest -sup.], risqué, bawdy [bawdier -comp., bawdiest -sup.], pungent, spicy [spicier -comp., spiciest -sup.], saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.], tangy [tangier - comp., tangiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

Nota: Generalmente referido a los sabores.

Ex. The causes of this interest differ from one man to another; it may be the beautiful, the terrible, the awe-inspiring, the exhilarating, the pathetic, the comic, or the merely piquant.

Ex. Serious questions which face us may often be better understood when a modicum of salty satire is applied.

Ex. Today, nudity, sex, and excessive violence are not an issue and even the raciest films would garner a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and most are even tamer than that.

Ex. In the end, his crude language and fiery personality limited him to the role of redneck poltergeist.

Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.

Ex. Their secondary aim was to print piratical, scurrilous and bawdy material for the people of Dublin.

Ex. The studies reported here addressed the question of whether the pungent element in chilies, capsaicin, suppresses taste and flavor intensity.

Ex. The odour impression was a very pleasant spearmint, with green, floral, fruity, and spicy sidenote.

Ex. Although some British seaside resorts still sell saucy postcards, they are not as popular as they used to be.

Ex. The most boring meal can be pepped up with spicy and tangy herbs.

Ex. Blend cream cheese with prepared horseradish for a nippy taste.

----

* poner un poquito de picante = pep up.

* rábano picante = horseradish.

* * *

a) (Coc) < comida> hot

b) <chiste/libro> risqué; < comedia> racy

a) (Coc) hot spices (pl)

b) (Chi, Per) ( guiso) spicy meat stew

* * *

= piquant, salty [saltier -comp., saltiest -sup.], racy [racier -comp., raciest -sup.], fiery [fierier -comp., fieriest -sup.], risqué, bawdy [bawdier -comp., bawdiest -sup.], pungent, spicy [spicier -comp., spiciest -sup.], saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.], tangy [tangier - comp., tangiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

Nota: Generalmente referido a los sabores.

* * *

1 ( Coc) ‹comida› hot

esto está picantísimo this is really hot!

2 ‹chiste/libro› risqué; ‹comedia› racy

B ( Chi fam pey) ‹persona/lugar› common ( colloq pej); ‹música› trashy ( colloq)

1 ( Coc) hot spices (pl)

le has puesto demasiado picante a la sopa you've made the soup too hot o too peppery

el médico le ha prohibido el picante or los picantes his doctor has told him not to eat spicy food

(ingenio, malicia): la obra es un poco sosa, le falta un poco de picante the play is a bit dull, it needs something to spice it up a little

3 (Chi, Per) ( Coc) (guiso) spicy meat stew

picante masculine and feminine ( Chi fam pey) (persona ordinaria) pleb ( colloq pej)

* * *

a) (Coc) ‹ comida› hot

b) ‹chiste/libro› risqué;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [comida] spicy, hot

2. [chiste, comedia] saucy

3. Chile Fam [ordinario] common;

se fue a vivir a un barrio picante she went to live in a downmarket area

♦ nm

1. [salsa] hot sauce;

le puso demasiado picante she made it too hot o spicy;

me gusta el picante I like spicy food

2. Andes [guiso] spicy meat stew

3. Chile Fam [ordinario] pleb;

son unos picantes they're plebs

* * *

I adj

1 comida hot, spicy

2 chiste risqué

II m hot spice

* * *

picante adj

1) : hot, spicy

2) : sharp, cutting

3) : racy, risqué

picante nm

1) : spiciness

2) : hot spices pl, hot sauce

* * *

picante adj hot [comp. hotter; superl. hottest] / spicy [comp. spicier; superl. spiciest]

1. - удариться обо что, ударить кого-что, схватить что и т. п. Also: С НАБЕГА (to bump into sth., kick s.o. or sth., grab sth. etc) while in full motion, without stopping ( esp. when flying, running etc): (fly (run, crash etc)) right into ( s.o. (sth.))

2. - понимать что, овладевать чем и т. п. (to understand, master sth etc) immediately, without encountering any difficulties

in a flash

3. occas. disapprov \Н-22 решать что, судить о чем и т. п. (to decide, judge etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation

on the spur of the moment

1. while in full motion, without stopping ( esp. when galloping, running etc): (gallop (run etc)) right into sth.

2. coll, occas. disapprov - судить о чем, решать что, и т. п. (to judge, decide etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation, without thinking it through: (make) a rash judgment (decision etc)

1. ( usu. pfv) to set sth.

X пустил Y в ход = X got (set) Y going (running).

2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО ( var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc) to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal

X пустил в ход Y = X put Y to use

X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) - X turned on the (all his) charm

X пустил в ход всё (все средства) - X used all possible (available) means

3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.: X пустил в ход Y = X put Y in(to) circulation

• С НАЛЕТА <-у> coll

[PrepP; these forms only; adv]

=====

1. с набега удариться обо что, ударить кого-что, схватить что и т.п. Also: С НАБЕГА (to bump into sth., kick s.o. or sth., grab sth. etc) while in full motion, without stopping (esp. when flying, running etc): (fly <run, crash etc>) right into (s.o. < sth.>); [in refer, to very fast motion only](at) full speed; (at) full tilt; [of birds etc only] in full flight; [esp. of birds, insects etc diving or plunging downward]

⇒ swoop(ing) down on; with a swoop; swoop (and strike (strike against, hit etc) sth.).

     ♦ Проснувшаяся муха вдруг с налета ударилась об стекло и жалобно зажужжала (Достоевский 3). An awakened fly suddenly swooped and struck against the window, buzzing plaintively (3c) A fly that had woken up suddenly swooped and beat against the windowpane, buzzing plaintively (3d).

2. с набега понимать что, овладевать чем и т.п. (to understand, master sth etc) immediately, without encountering any difficulties:

- in a flash;

- right away;

- right off the bat.

     ♦ Ему долго объяснять не надо, он все с налета понимает. You don't have to give him a long explanation, he picks up everything right off the bat

3. occas. disapprov с набега решать что, судить о чем и т.п. (to decide, judge etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation:

- on the spur of the moment;

- without stopping to think;

- [in limited contexts] rashly;

- on impulse.

• С НАЛЕТА <-у> coll

[PrepP; these forms only; adv]

=====

1. с налета удариться обо что, ударить кого-что, схватить что и т.п. Also: С НАБЕГА( to bump into sth., kick s.o. or sth., grab sth. etc) while in full motion, without stopping (esp. when flying, running etc): (fly <run, crash etc>) right into (s.o. < sth.>); [in refer, to very fast motion only](at) full speed; (at) full tilt; [of birds etc only] in full flight; [esp. of birds, insects etc diving or plunging downward]

⇒ swoop(ing) down on; with a swoop; swoop (and strike (strike against, hit etc) sth.).

     ♦ Проснувшаяся муха вдруг с налета ударилась об стекло и жалобно зажужжала (Достоевский 3). An awakened fly suddenly swooped and struck against the window, buzzing plaintively (3c) A fly that had woken up suddenly swooped and beat against the windowpane, buzzing plaintively (3d).

2. с налета понимать что, овладевать чем и т.п. (to understand, master sth etc) immediately, without encountering any difficulties:

- in a flash;

- right away;

- right off the bat.

     ♦ Ему долго объяснять не надо, он все с налета понимает. You don't have to give him a long explanation, he picks up everything right off the bat

3. occas. disapprov с налета решать что, судить о чем и т.п. (to decide, judge etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation:

- on the spur of the moment;

- without stopping to think;

- [in limited contexts] rashly;

- on impulse.

• С НАЛЕТА <-у> coll

[PrepP; these forms only; adv]

=====

1. с налету удариться обо что, ударить кого-что, схватить что и т.п. Also: С НАБЕГА( to bump into sth., kick s.o. or sth., grab sth. etc) while in full motion, without stopping (esp. when flying, running etc): (fly <run, crash etc>) right into (s.o. < sth.>); [in refer, to very fast motion only](at) full speed; (at) full tilt; [of birds etc only] in full flight; [esp. of birds, insects etc diving or plunging downward]

⇒ swoop(ing) down on; with a swoop; swoop (and strike (strike against, hit etc) sth.).

     ♦ Проснувшаяся муха вдруг с налета ударилась об стекло и жалобно зажужжала (Достоевский 3). An awakened fly suddenly swooped and struck against the window, buzzing plaintively (3c) A fly that had woken up suddenly swooped and beat against the windowpane, buzzing plaintively (3d).

2. с налету понимать что, овладевать чем и т.п. (to understand, master sth etc) immediately, without encountering any difficulties:

- in a flash;

- right away;

- right off the bat.

     ♦ Ему долго объяснять не надо, он все с налета понимает. You don't have to give him a long explanation, he picks up everything right off the bat

3. occas. disapprov с налету решать что, судить о чем и т.п. (to decide, judge etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation:

- on the spur of the moment;

- without stopping to think;

- [in limited contexts] rashly;

- on impulse.

• С НАСКОКА <-У>

[PrepP; these forms only; adv]

=====

1. while in full motion, without stopping (esp. when galloping, running etc): (gallop <run etc>) right into (sth.); [in refer, to very fast motion only]

⇒ at full < top> speed; (at) full tilt; (at a) full gallop; at a dead run; [esp. of a rider grasping, hitting etc s.o. or sth. while riding fast] swoop(ing) down on.

     ♦ Лошадь с наскока врезалась в забор и соросила всадника. The horse crashed into the fence at full tilt and sent its rider flying.

2. coll, occas. disapprov с наскока судить о чём, решать что, и т.п. (to judge, decide etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation, without thinking it through:

- (make) a rash judgment (decision etc);

- without stopping to think;

- [in limited contexts] at first glance;

- on impulse.

     ♦ Не суди с наскока! Этот конфликт сложнее, чем он кажется. Don't make a rash judgment! This conflict is more complicated than it seems.

     ♦ "В таком деле с наскоку не разберешься" (Черненок 2). "In a case like this, you can't figure anything out at first glance" (2a)

• С НАСКОКА <-У>

[PrepP; these forms only; adv]

=====

1. while in full motion, without stopping (esp. when galloping, running etc): (gallop <run etc>) right into (sth.); [in refer, to very fast motion only]

⇒ at full < top> speed; (at) full tilt; (at a) full gallop; at a dead run; [esp. of a rider grasping, hitting etc s.o. or sth. while riding fast] swoop(ing) down on.

     ♦ Лошадь с наскока врезалась в забор и соросила всадника. The horse crashed into the fence at full tilt and sent its rider flying.

2. coll, occas. disapprov с наскоку судить о чём, решать что, и т.п. (to judge, decide etc sth.) without due consideration or preparation, without thinking it through:

- (make) a rash judgment (decision etc);

- without stopping to think;

- [in limited contexts] at first glance;

- on impulse.

     ♦ Не суди с наскока! Этот конфликт сложнее, чем он кажется. Don't make a rash judgment! This conflict is more complicated than it seems.

     ♦ "В таком деле с наскоку не разберешься" (Черненок 2). "In a case like this, you can't figure anything out at first glance" (2a)

• ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что

[VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]

=====

1. [usu. pfv]

⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:

- X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).

     ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).

2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]

⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;

- X used (utilized) Y;

- X made use of Y;

- X brought Y into play (into service, into action);

- [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;

- X resorted to Y;

|| X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;

|| X пустил в ход всё (все средства) ≈ X used all possible (available) means;

- X did everything in his power.

     ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).

     ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)

     ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).

     ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).

     ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).

     ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).

3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;

- X brought Y into widespread use;

- X started Y.

     ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).

     ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

• ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что

[VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]

=====

1. [usu. pfv]

⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:

- X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).

     ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).

2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]

⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;

- X used (utilized) Y;

- X made use of Y;

- X brought Y into play (into service, into action);

- [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;

- X resorted to Y;

|| X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;

|| X пустил в ход всё (все средства) ≈ X used all possible (available) means;

- X did everything in his power.

     ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).

     ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)

     ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).

     ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).

     ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).

     ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).

3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;

- X brought Y into widespread use;

- X started Y.

     ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).

     ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

• ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что

[VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]

=====

1. [usu. pfv]

⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:

- X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).

     ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).

2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]

⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;

- X used (utilized) Y;

- X made use of Y;

- X brought Y into play (into service, into action);

- [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;

- X resorted to Y;

|| X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;

|| X пустил в ход всё (все средства) ≈ X used all possible (available) means;

- X did everything in his power.

     ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).

     ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)

     ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).

     ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).

     ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).

     ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).

3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;

- X brought Y into widespread use;

- X started Y.

     ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).

     ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

• ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что

[VP; subj: human; usu. this WO]

=====

1. [usu. pfv]

⇒ to set sth. (usu. a factory, plant etc) operating:

- X пустил Y в ход≈ X got (set) Y going (running).

     ♦ "Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся" (Залыгин I). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).

2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО [var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc]

⇒ to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y to use;

- X used (utilized) Y;

- X made use of Y;

- X brought Y into play (into service, into action);

- [in limited contexts] X set Y in motion;

- X resorted to Y;

|| X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) ≈ X turned on the (all his) charm;

|| X пустил в ход всё (все средства) ≈ X used all possible (available) means;

- X did everything in his power.

     ♦ У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).

     ♦ "Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается" (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)

     ♦ " Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть" (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).

     ♦ Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя; все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).

     ♦...Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавелой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, [Чернышевский] сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he [Chemyshevski] at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).

     ♦ [Юлия:] Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пушу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). [J.:] The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).

3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.:

- X пустил в ход Y ≈ X put Y in(to) circulation;

- X brought Y into widespread use;

- X started Y.

     ♦ "Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!" (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).

     ♦ Кто пустил его [Самиздат] в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it [samizdat], nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)